ENDOCRINOLOGY

It is the branch of pathology and medicines that is concerned with the study of the endocrine system i.e. the organisation and integration of endocrine glands and hormones. Those who studied about this branch of science are known as Endocrinologist.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: 

Greek: endo means within and crine meaning to secrete.

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that secrets or produce hormones and send them to bloodstream so that they can travel to other parts of the body. Hormones play a vital role in the body of an organism. They are chemical messengers of the body and convey information and stipulations from one cell or tissue to another. Moreover, the Endocrine system assists in synchronizing metabolism, growth and maturation, reproduction function, and the tissue functions of the body and other mechanisms. The secreted hormones circulate all over the body and each kind of hormone is earmarked the particular position of the body such as certain organs or tissues. This system also modulates and regulates the releasing of hormone because there are many situations that impact on the level of hormones such as stress, infection or any other illness. The efficiency or deficiency of hormones could promote different types of troubles in the body.

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MAJOR PARTS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

This system consists of glands. Glands are the organ or group of cells that synthesize substances to activate various functions of the body. They are of two types; endocrine glands and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are distributed into 8 major kinds;

Ø Hypothalamus: This organ exists in the brain and connects your endocrine system to nervous system. Its location is the lower central part of brain. It mainly regulates temperature and metabolism of the body. It sends signals to soporiferous (sweat) glands in hot environment to make your body cool by sweating. However, in cold temperature, it sends signals to your muscles to inhibit sweating and activates the shivering mechanism.

Ø Pituitary glands: The pea-shaped gland attached to the base of the brain. It is ordinarily known as ‘master glands’ because it controls the major activities in the body by activating or inhibiting different glands. Hypothalamus serves as the communication center for pituitary gland. When this gland produces lesser amount of hormones it is called as ‘hypopituitarism’

Ø Thyroid gland: Large gland located in the lower front of the neck. It produces thyroid hormones and calcitonin. Here, calcitonin plays a vital role in calcium homeostasis and the two thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) trigger growth, metabolic rate, and protein synthesis.

Ø Efficiency or deficiency of these hormones leads to Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism respectively. This alteration in the level of thyroids is due to some illness such as grave’s disease.

Ø Parathyroid gland: These are two pairs of glands that interconnected with the thyroid glands. It releases PTH hormones that succor in modulating calcium concentration in bloodstream and in bones.

Ø Adrenal gland: The cone or triangle-shaped glands that are found on the top of each kidney. It consists of two parts. Outer part releases corticosteroid hormones and the inner part triggers adrenaline or epinephrine hormones. These hormones are well known to cope ‘fight or flight’ mechanism and put the body on high alert. Pineal glands: It is a pea-shaped gland located in the middle of the brain. It produces a hormone named melatonin which attunes sleep patterns. Sleep patterns are also pointed as circadian rhythms.

Ø Gonads: Gonads are known as sex glands, the organs that involve in fertilization process and produce gametes. The male gonads are called as testes and female gonads are ovaries. Testes secrete hormones called androgens, primarily testosterone. And the ovaries that are located in uterus produce estrogen and progesterone and also eggs.

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